rds_count,
			'pages'   => $total_pages,
			'page_no' => (int) $query_args['page'],
		);

		return $data;
	}

	/**
	 * Get or create a customer from a given order.
	 *
	 * @param object $order WC Order.
	 * @return int|bool
	 */
	public static function get_or_create_customer_from_order( $order ) {
		if ( ! $order ) {
			return false;
		}

		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! is_a( $order, 'WC_Order' ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$returning_customer_id = self::get_existing_customer_id_from_order( $order );

		if ( $returning_customer_id ) {
			return $returning_customer_id;
		}

		list($data, $format) = self::get_customer_order_data_and_format( $order );

		$result      = $wpdb->insert( self::get_db_table_name(), $data, $format );
		$customer_id = $wpdb->insert_id;

		/**
		 * Fires when a new report customer is created.
		 *
		 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
		 * @since 4.0.0
		 */
		do_action( 'woocommerce_analytics_new_customer', $customer_id );

		return $result ? $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a data object and format object of the customers data coming from the order.
	 *
	 * @param object      $order         WC_Order where we get customer info from.
	 * @param object|null $customer_user WC_Customer registered customer WP user.
	 * @return array ($data, $format)
	 */
	public static function get_customer_order_data_and_format( $order, $customer_user = null ) {
		$data   = array(
			'first_name'       => $order->get_customer_first_name(),
			'last_name'        => $order->get_customer_last_name(),
			'email'            => $order->get_billing_email( 'edit' ),
			'city'             => $order->get_billing_city( 'edit' ),
			'state'            => $order->get_billing_state( 'edit' ),
			'postcode'         => $order->get_billing_postcode( 'edit' ),
			'country'          => $order->get_billing_country( 'edit' ),
			'date_last_active' => gmdate( 'Y-m-d H:i:s', $order->get_date_created( 'edit' )->getTimestamp() ),
		);
		$format = array(
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
		);

		// Add registered customer data.
		if ( 0 !== $order->get_user_id() ) {
			$user_id = $order->get_user_id();
			if ( is_null( $customer_user ) ) {
				$customer_user = new \WC_Customer( $user_id );
			}

			// Set email as customer email instead of Order Billing Email if we have a customer.
			$data['email'] = $customer_user->get_email( 'edit' );

			// Adding other relevant customer data.
			$data['user_id']         = $user_id;
			$data['username']        = $customer_user->get_username( 'edit' );
			$data['date_registered'] = $customer_user->get_date_created( 'edit' ) ? $customer_user->get_date_created( 'edit' )->date( TimeInterval::$sql_datetime_format ) : null;
			$format[]                = '%d';
			$format[]                = '%s';
			$format[]                = '%s';
		}
		return array( $data, $format );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a guest ID (when user_id is null) by email.
	 *
	 * @param string $email Email address.
	 * @return false|array Customer array if found, boolean false if not.
	 */
	public static function get_guest_id_by_email( $email ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$table_name  = self::get_db_table_name();
		$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT customer_id FROM {$table_name} WHERE email = %s AND user_id IS NULL LIMIT 1",
				$email
			)
		);

		return $customer_id ? (int) $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a customer ID by email address, regardless of user registration status.
	 * Prioritizes registered customers over guest customers when both exist.
	 *
	 * @param string $email Email address.
	 * @return false|int Customer ID if found, boolean false if not.
	 */
	public static function get_customer_id_by_email( $email ) {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( empty( $email ) || ! is_email( $email ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$table_name  = self::get_db_table_name();
		$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT customer_id FROM {$table_name} WHERE email = %s ORDER BY user_id IS NOT NULL DESC LIMIT 1",
				$email
			)
		);

		return $customer_id ? (int) $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a registered customer row id by user_id.
	 *
	 * @param string|int $user_id User ID.
	 * @return false|int Customer ID if found, boolean false if not.
	 */
	public static function get_customer_id_by_user_id( $user_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$table_name  = self::get_db_table_name();
		$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT customer_id FROM {$table_name} WHERE user_id = %d LIMIT 1",
				$user_id
			)
		);

		return $customer_id ? (int) $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the last order made by a customer.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 * @return object WC_Order|false.
	 */
	public static function get_last_order( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;
		$orders_table = $wpdb->prefix . 'wc_order_stats';

		$last_order = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:disable WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT order_id, date_created_gmt FROM {$orders_table}
				WHERE customer_id = %d
				ORDER BY date_created_gmt DESC, order_id DESC LIMIT 1",
				// phpcs:enable
				$customer_id
			)
		);
		if ( ! $last_order ) {
			return false;
		}
		return wc_get_order( absint( $last_order ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the oldest orders made by a customer.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 * @return array Orders.
	 */
	public static function get_oldest_orders( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;
		$orders_table                = $wpdb->prefix . 'wc_order_stats';
		$excluded_statuses           = array_map( array( __CLASS__, 'normalize_order_status' ), self::get_excluded_report_order_statuses() );
		$excluded_statuses_condition = '';
		if ( ! empty( $excluded_statuses ) ) {
			$excluded_statuses_str       = implode( "','", $excluded_statuses );
			$excluded_statuses_condition = "AND status NOT IN ('{$excluded_statuses_str}')";
		}

		return $wpdb->get_results(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT order_id, date_created FROM {$orders_table} WHERE customer_id = %d {$excluded_statuses_condition} ORDER BY date_created, order_id ASC LIMIT 2",
				$customer_id
			)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the amount of orders made by a customer.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 * @return int|null Amount of orders for customer or null on failure.
	 */
	public static function get_order_count( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;
		$customer_id = absint( $customer_id );

		if ( 0 === $customer_id ) {
			return null;
		}

		$result = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				"SELECT COUNT( order_id ) FROM {$wpdb->prefix}wc_order_stats WHERE customer_id = %d",
				$customer_id
			)
		);

		if ( is_null( $result ) ) {
			return null;
		}

		return (int) $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Update the database with customer data.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id WP User ID to update customer data for.
	 * @return int|bool|null Number or rows modified or false on failure.
	 */
	public static function update_registered_customer( $user_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$customer = new \WC_Customer( $user_id );

		if ( ! self::is_valid_customer( $user_id ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$first_name = $customer->get_first_name();
		$last_name  = $customer->get_last_name();

		if ( empty( $first_name ) ) {
			$first_name = $customer->get_billing_first_name();
		}
		if ( empty( $last_name ) ) {
			$last_name = $customer->get_billing_last_name();
		}

		$last_active = $customer->get_meta( 'wc_last_active', true, 'edit' );
		$data        = array(
			'user_id'          => $user_id,
			'username'         => $customer->get_username( 'edit' ),
			'first_name'       => $first_name,
			'last_name'        => $last_name,
			'email'            => $customer->get_email( 'edit' ),
			'city'             => $customer->get_billing_city( 'edit' ),
			'state'            => $customer->get_billing_state( 'edit' ),
			'postcode'         => $customer->get_billing_postcode( 'edit' ),
			'country'          => $customer->get_billing_country( 'edit' ),
			'date_registered'  => $customer->get_date_created( 'edit' ) ? $customer->get_date_created( 'edit' )->date( TimeInterval::$sql_datetime_format ) : null,
			'date_last_active' => $last_active ? gmdate( 'Y-m-d H:i:s', $last_active ) : null,
		);
		$format      = array(
			'%d',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
		);

		$customer_id = self::get_customer_id_by_user_id( $user_id );

		if ( $customer_id ) {
			// Preserve customer_id for existing user_id.
			$data['customer_id'] = $customer_id;
			$format[]            = '%d';
		}

		$results = $wpdb->replace( self::get_db_table_name(), $data, $format );

		/**
		 * Fires when customser's reports are updated.
		 *
		 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
		 * @since 4.0.0
		 */
		do_action( 'woocommerce_analytics_update_customer', $customer_id );

		ReportsCache::invalidate();

		return $results;
	}

	/**
	 * Update the database if the "last active" meta value was changed.
	 * Function expects to be hooked into the `added_user_meta` and `updated_user_meta` actions.
	 *
	 * @param int    $meta_id ID of updated metadata entry.
	 * @param int    $user_id ID of the user being updated.
	 * @param string $meta_key Meta key being updated.
	 */
	public static function update_registered_customer_via_last_active( $meta_id, $user_id, $meta_key ) {
		if ( 'wc_last_active' === $meta_key ) {
			// Optimization note related to guarded updates in `wc_update_user_last_active`: the meta update will trigger
			// this method execution. We evaluated adding `! doing_action( 'wp' )` here, but the performance gain lays
			// in the micro-optimization area while exposing the Analytics to certain edge-cases.
			self::update_registered_customer( $user_id );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Check if a user ID is a valid customer or other user role with past orders.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id User ID.
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected static function is_valid_customer( $user_id ) {
		$user = new \WP_User( $user_id );

		if ( (int) $user_id !== $user->ID ) {
			return false;
		}

		/**
		 * Filter the customer roles, used to check if the user is a customer.
		 *
		 * @param array List of customer roles.
		 * @since 4.0.0
		 */
		$customer_roles = (array) apply_filters( 'woocommerce_analytics_customer_roles', array( 'customer' ) );

		if ( empty( $user->roles ) || empty( array_intersect( $user->roles, $customer_roles ) ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Delete a customer lookup row.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 */
	public static function delete_customer( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$customer_id = (int) $customer_id;
		$num_deleted = $wpdb->delete( self::get_db_table_name(), array( 'customer_id' => $customer_id ) );

		if ( $num_deleted ) {
			/**
			 * Fires when a customer is deleted.
			 *
			 * @param int $order_id Order ID.
			 * @since 4.0.0
			 */
			do_action( 'woocommerce_analytics_delete_customer', $customer_id );

			ReportsCache::invalidate();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Delete a customer lookup row by WordPress User ID.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id WordPress User ID.
	 */
	public static function delete_customer_by_user_id( $user_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( (int) $user_id < 1 || doing_action( 'wp_uninitialize_site' ) ) {
			// Skip the deletion.
			return;
		}

		$user_id     = (int) $user_id;
		$num_deleted = $wpdb->delete( self::get_db_table_name(), array( 'user_id' => $user_id ) );

		if ( $num_deleted ) {
			ReportsCache::invalidate();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Anonymize the customer data for a single order.
	 *
	 * @internal
	 * @param int|WC_Order $order Order instance or ID.
	 * @return void
	 */
	public static function anonymize_customer( $order ) {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! is_object( $order ) ) {
			$order = wc_get_order( absint( $order ) );
		}

		$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare( "SELECT customer_id FROM {$wpdb->prefix}wc_order_stats WHERE order_id = %d", $order->get_id() )
		);

		if ( ! $customer_id ) {
			return;
		}

		// Long form query because $wpdb->update rejects [deleted].
		$deleted_text = __( '[deleted]', 'woocommerce' );
		$updated      = $wpdb->query(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				"UPDATE {$wpdb->prefix}wc_customer_lookup
					SET
						user_id = NULL,
						username = %s,
						first_name = %s,
						last_name = %s,
						email = %s,
						country = '',
						postcode = %s,
						city = %s,
						state = %s
					WHERE
						customer_id = %d",
				array(
					$deleted_text,
					$deleted_text,
					$deleted_text,
					'deleted@site.invalid',
					$deleted_text,
					$deleted_text,
					$deleted_text,
					$customer_id,
				)
			)
		);
		// If the customer row was anonymized, flush the cache.
		if ( $updated ) {
			ReportsCache::invalidate();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Build location filter SQL clause for includes or excludes.
	 *
	 * @since 10.5.0
	 * @param string $locations_string Comma-separated list of locations (e.g., "US:CA,US:NY,GB").
	 * @param bool   $is_include       True for IN clause, false for NOT IN clause.
	 * @return string SQL WHERE clause condition.
	 */
	protected function build_location_filter_clause( $locations_string, $is_include = true ) {
		$customer_lookup_table = self::get_db_table_name();
		$locations_array       = explode( ',', $locations_string );
		$country_state_pairs   = array();
		$countries             = array();

		foreach ( $locations_array as $location ) {
			$location = trim( $location );
			if ( empty( $location ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( false !== strpos( $location, ':' ) ) {
				$parts = explode( ':', $location );
				if ( 2 === count( $parts ) ) {
					$country_state_pairs[] = array(
						'country' => esc_sql( $parts[0] ),
						'state'   => esc_sql( $parts[1] ),
					);
				}
			} else {
				$countries[] = esc_sql( $location );
			}
		}

		$conditions = array();

		// Build country:state pair conditions.
		if ( ! empty( $country_state_pairs ) ) {
			$pair_conditions = array();
			foreach ( $country_state_pairs as $pair ) {
				if ( $is_include ) {
					$pair_conditions[] = "({$customer_lookup_table}.country = '{$pair['country']}' AND {$customer_lookup_table}.state = '{$pair['state']}')";
				} else {
					$pair_conditions[] = "({$customer_lookup_table}.country != '{$pair['country']}' OR {$customer_lookup_table}.state != '{$pair['state']}')";
				}
			}
			$pair_connector = $is_include ? ' OR ' : ' AND ';
			$conditions[]   = '(' . implode( $pair_connector, $pair_conditions ) . ')';
		}

		// Build country-only conditions.
		if ( ! empty( $countries ) ) {
			$operator     = $is_include ? 'IN' : 'NOT IN';
			$conditions[] = "{$customer_lookup_table}.country {$operator} ('" . implode( "','", $countries ) . "')";
		}

		if ( empty( $conditions ) ) {
			return '';
		}

		// Combine conditions with OR for includes, AND for excludes.
		$connector = $is_include ? ' OR ' : ' AND ';

		return '(' . implode( $connector, $conditions ) . ')';
	}

	/**
	 * Initialize query objects.
	 */
	protected function initialize_queries() {
		$this->clear_all_clauses();
		$table_name     = self::get_db_table_name();
		$this->subquery = new SqlQuery( $this->context . '_subquery' );
		$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'from', $table_name );
		$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'select', "{$table_name}.customer_id" );
		$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'group_by', "{$table_name}.customer_id" );
	}
}